{"id":"W4416145266","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104735","title":"Ground surface boundary condition methods for analysis of climate-driven permafrost thaw: A comparative study and long-term projections for Nunavik, Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health; Center for Northern Studies; Polytechnique Montréal; University of Manitoba","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Permafrost; Heat flux; Climate change; Boundary (topology); Boundary value problem; Stability (learning theory); Thermal; Reliability (semiconductor)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004617824,0.0001217564,0.0003547962,0.000644627,0.001020334,0.00007980928,0.0002153508,0.00007458375,0.00002743808],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006425152,0.0001043008,0.00003618877,0.002684103,0.001256057,0.0001767234,0.00004736082,0.00008154064,1.846821e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002543497,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005281474,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05705997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8892725,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989178,0.00003733643,0.000216084,0.0004069186,0.0001139109,0.0003079529],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989065,0.0004086861,0.0001058832,0.0002107758,0.0003104668,0.0000577158],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003120164,0.0000548433,0.9934174,0.0000506649,0.0001395156,0.000001537574,0.0005159568,0.00006176975,0.002025209,0.001407769,0.0001985276,0.002095592],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006524185,0.0005586824,0.9545069,0.00003407885,0.0007212486,0.00001086028,0.01137796,0.02923831,0.0005934964,0.0004695787,0.001630381,0.0002060609],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920632,0.00067015,0.00105429,0.0008557108,0.0001666371,0.001211464,0.003792582,0.00002631207,0.0001596909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983308,0.0002141599,0.0008802884,0.000071901,0.000006984872,0.00004547746,0.0003904859,0.000001775254,0.00005816851],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8322125,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9492192,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05734072265154623,"score_gpt":0.3704801735464133,"score_spread":0.3131394508948671,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}