{"id":"W4416182904","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5744628","title":"Foreign institutional investors and corporate governance: A transaction cost perspective","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Endogeneity; Transaction cost; Corporate governance; Institutional investor; Diversification (marketing strategy); Instrumental variable; Perspective (graphical); Foreign ownership","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001280272,0.0004554171,0.0006806192,0.001511543,0.0004595934,0.005251421,0.0007444829,0.002879363,0.01455985],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004803956,0.0002469933,0.0004526456,0.002329761,0.002205658,0.007286694,0.0008984546,0.001967153,0.0004224739],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001968768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009786629,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00238472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002438938,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994569,0.000221766,0.00002261895,0.00006409578,0.0001303733,0.0001042421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950835,0.003205398,0.0009367071,0.000218469,0.0003563946,0.000199756],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006919201,0.00004832856,0.002697007,0.00006816979,0.00004140958,0.000195037,0.00008401998,0.008596969,0.0002096982,0.9774172,0.001760295,0.008812725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004946784,0.0001170654,0.004660092,0.0001745827,0.00009953449,0.0002627063,0.0005840448,0.02517292,0.0004095445,0.9585469,0.009891846,0.00003138079],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3007579,0.03454706,0.09477443,0.05316756,0.0006147277,0.0001120201,0.0008524372,0.000136055,0.5150378],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9770736,0.006603365,0.001746366,0.0005480229,0.0005738115,0.00002307806,0.00006592246,0.0000141755,0.01335165],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01455985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04870749,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01894296915668157,"score_gpt":0.2242902990620407,"score_spread":0.2053473299053591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}