{"id":"W4416257340","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.17071","title":"CURLING -- III. Identifying Candidates of Wide-separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasars from the CatNorth Catalogue","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Planetary Science Division; High Energy Physics; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Division of Astronomical Sciences; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Science Mission Directorate; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of California, Los Angeles; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Office of Science; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Queen's University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives; U.S. Department of Energy; Smithsonian Institution; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Queen's University Belfast; Space Telescope Science Institute; Carnegie Mellon University; Los Alamos National Laboratory; European Space Agency; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Johns Hopkins University; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; University of Utah; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Durham University; Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Central University; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Quasar; Galaxy; Sky; Pipeline (software); OVV quasar; Halo","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00101504,0.0006820074,0.0006783753,0.007226692,0.0009895901,0.00199995,0.001501655,0.0004573796,0.02136992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002412755,0.0004147297,0.0009492135,0.003076431,0.000357458,0.0007142482,0.002135199,0.0004130052,0.01276176],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006093073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001757564,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01394058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03507344,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999054,0.00005849523,0.00007032078,0.0002694401,0.0003729397,0.0001748691],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971859,0.0003526218,0.0003147262,0.0007943591,0.0009321686,0.0004201008],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006338329,0.0002488655,0.3969084,0.001396822,0.0001917354,0.002297224,0.002289459,0.002406698,0.05975571,0.006654378,0.1812635,0.3459533],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001349742,0.0002614979,0.540107,0.0002087335,0.0001903308,0.002713312,0.001261878,0.02156207,0.03342129,0.002298782,0.3976971,0.000142958],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.710054,0.001520556,0.05286153,0.0006101267,0.0002002376,0.001742927,0.1333533,0.02203369,0.07762358],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3499717,0.0005701206,0.133256,0.0004301063,0.0001145395,0.001407864,0.4505555,0.00237252,0.06132166],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02136992,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07148957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02678571335171621,"score_gpt":0.2742783826297547,"score_spread":0.2474926692780385,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}