{"id":"W4416319420","doi":"10.1148/radiol.242961","title":"Generative AI and Foundation Models in Radiology: Applications, Opportunities, and Potential Challenges","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiology","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Public Health Ontario","funders":"","keywords":"Leverage (statistics); Generative grammar; Transformative learning; Modalities; Domain (mathematical analysis); Foundation (evidence); Health care","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002294127,0.00007455803,0.0001956944,0.0001775928,0.0000757021,0.000006741099,0.00002688692,0.0001494061,0.00001215941],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003642994,0.000071535,0.00001169372,0.00006520894,0.0001692912,0.00007130796,0.00001636614,0.0001331714,0.000002182347],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006052378,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001816595,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001199114,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008501729,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992748,0.0001038786,0.0002289837,0.0002243463,0.00002888919,0.0001390795],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996411,0.00009158569,0.00003618366,0.0001133976,0.00006489384,0.00005279432],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001121399,0.00006013417,0.004637832,0.0001232655,0.00003505392,0.00000848762,0.001554251,0.00008616223,0.0006657008,0.2145389,0.0006040776,0.7775739],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001121961,0.001310959,0.06840507,0.000258565,0.000255284,0.001683382,0.01853006,0.1150399,0.001608341,0.701,0.09011189,0.0006746029],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.749964,0.04401003,0.06714409,0.1327118,0.0005882763,0.00146204,0.000006804956,0.000068605,0.004044352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9628285,0.03373034,0.000601607,0.002140664,0.000183792,0.0001682738,0.00006831144,0.000004819879,0.0002737379],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7768993,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2917112,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1982565112165851,"score_gpt":0.4113168125802816,"score_spread":0.2130603013636965,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}