{"id":"W4416338238","doi":"10.3389/fsybi.2025.1692648","title":"Historical paradigm shifts in defining life: from spontaneous generation and vitalism to the Pasteurian Wall and the quest for artificial creation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Synthetic Biology","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Sveučilište u Zagrebu","keywords":"Vitalism; Doctrine; Gnosticism; Ideology; Paradigm shift; Politics; Personhood; Organicism; Posthumanism; Natural (archaeology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004014217,0.00007970785,0.0001783456,0.0001051302,0.0003003928,0.00005526995,0.0001159003,0.00005753446,0.000007043611],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001575384,0.00005106704,0.00002095758,0.00003235319,0.0004904302,0.00004390638,0.00002416041,0.00008231741,0.000001127593],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009829168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002716412,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001123176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005968914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992705,0.0001358532,0.0001994605,0.0002291706,0.00003616697,0.0001288316],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996018,0.0002157396,0.00004259732,0.0001036176,0.00001107806,0.00002519631],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002589351,0.00002510718,0.000515259,0.000005189178,0.00001031767,0.000002894971,0.02931708,0.00001508601,0.0000720709,0.9508293,0.003476063,0.0154727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000765866,0.000135918,0.001182215,0.00004601698,0.00004087949,0.000003753731,0.001813392,0.006013353,0.00001217392,0.4266592,0.5631317,0.0001954372],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8349404,0.01546121,0.009320734,0.1229562,0.008306121,0.001303851,0.00008017918,0.00003900895,0.007592206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980019,0.0000447485,0.000382473,0.001048452,0.000241017,0.00007816303,0.000007629273,0.000003626724,0.0001920067],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5596557,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3330794,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02489847533802217,"score_gpt":0.2272720313412498,"score_spread":0.2023735560032277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}