{"id":"W4416377757","doi":"10.1017/bhj.2025.10021","title":"Digital Colonialism and the Role of Local Intermediaries: Examining Big Tech’s Impact on Data Sovereignty and Human Rights in Africa","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business and Human Rights Journal","topic":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Digital rights; Human rights; Colonialism; Parallels; Big data; Multinational corporation; Data Protection Act 1998; Sovereignty; Intermediary","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006608463,0.0001527844,0.0003378515,0.0001729971,0.00248468,0.0004881196,0.0002902743,0.00008572327,0.00003727301],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000392246,0.00008468067,0.00002799934,0.0002024021,0.002796123,0.0003863427,0.0002694158,0.000274196,2.708323e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005068694,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007230746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007383736,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02738262,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988874,0.0001117381,0.0002952516,0.000223308,0.0002357017,0.0002465521],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992723,0.0002406904,0.0001471187,0.0001638518,0.0001047136,0.00007126357],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001592356,0.0001010766,0.003508532,0.00001786817,0.00009738097,0.00002530892,0.01997305,0.000001135205,0.000004688953,0.9702472,0.0002873738,0.00557712],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002803796,0.000122511,0.08545937,0.0005420262,0.00008730569,0.00002263011,0.01002003,0.00002572807,0.000009730083,0.8383361,0.06231429,0.0002565238],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9515634,0.0008958617,0.00002586729,0.0003568044,0.0001429403,0.0001558365,0.00003859595,0.00001134282,0.04680934],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994928,0.00005333567,0.000003739584,0.00001358633,0.0002078436,0.000002664948,0.000005147512,0.000003617578,0.0002173018],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1319112,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999177,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02742892117430396,"score_gpt":0.299506023400973,"score_spread":0.2720771022266691,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}