{"id":"W4416398454","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147148","title":"Food surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy and fractal analysis: A review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Food Chemistry","topic":"Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"Fractal dimension; Fractal; Scanning electron microscope; Multifractal system; Fractal analysis; Characterization (materials science); Food quality; Surface (topology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001982538,0.0002036698,0.0003685487,0.00003584972,0.0001376963,0.0001220879,0.0002250703,0.0000938825,0.0001017519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002871867,0.0002180692,0.00008571105,0.0006583254,0.00004726535,0.0001661657,0.0001015064,0.0001455357,0.000008986082],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006272092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005748034,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005672173,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001266436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987094,0.00003029416,0.0003128103,0.00045472,0.0001665966,0.000326217],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993433,0.00002623385,0.0001775523,0.0003195256,0.00005820442,0.00007519362],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001598976,0.0000278957,0.0009685854,0.0006571443,0.0001324224,5.057993e-7,0.000031207,0.000002480292,0.9976141,0.000004188302,0.0004797401,0.00006578004],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00018382,0.00006845774,0.0001907787,0.0006053967,0.0003714246,0.000003792298,0.00001018214,0.00004178843,0.9948987,0.00001083458,0.003419181,0.0001956427],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9797271,0.01846739,0.0004628471,0.0003139054,0.00005756754,0.0001685066,0.0001494328,0.0001033932,0.0005498232],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978625,0.0006132768,0.0003480623,0.0003284191,0.00002594816,0.00001698154,0.0004029309,0.00001605206,0.000385821],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01813538,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8892602,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00465097687530668,"score_gpt":0.250406888025403,"score_spread":0.2457559111500963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}