{"id":"W4416529374","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.05705","title":"Fractional Time-Delayed differential equations: Applications in Cosmological Studies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Fractional Differential Equations Solutions","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Dalhousie University","keywords":"Differential equation; Laplace transform; Fractional calculus; Function (biology); Term (time); Laplace's equation; Hubble's law; Partial differential equation","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004247004,0.0007999616,0.0004829885,0.0009610041,0.0005957596,0.0008497098,0.0005701823,0.001161099,0.002411738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001669139,0.0002226731,0.0007677104,0.001212942,0.001072677,0.001638108,0.0009458024,0.001393474,0.000252863],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009689882,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004257847,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001961881,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001370562,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999077,0.00003739258,0.000006242512,0.00001432721,0.00002468594,0.00000964406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996725,0.0001766492,0.00005703201,0.00002328065,0.00004518768,0.000025361],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005388548,0.00001201136,0.0002506938,0.00008713113,0.00001070201,0.0001254005,0.0001279861,0.02293383,0.001425951,0.9670419,0.001037373,0.006941568],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000576876,0.00001028707,0.0001852705,0.00003138026,0.000009340461,0.00011531,0.00005441625,0.1312801,0.0003942178,0.8567315,0.01117034,0.0000120573],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05363166,0.03138768,0.8518099,0.005042105,0.001034002,0.0000539816,0.0001923108,0.0001738865,0.05667455],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7189844,0.02645414,0.2164165,0.0007228044,0.001890192,0.0001407006,0.0001864355,0.0001515158,0.03505332],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002411738,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008068144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1897537981922059,"score_gpt":0.4071500953180939,"score_spread":0.2173962971258881,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}