{"id":"W4416539022","doi":"10.1029/2025ja034311","title":"Current Closure and Joule Heating in Data‐Driven 3‐D Auroral Arc Simulations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Ames Research Center; Canadian Space Agency; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Heliophysics Division; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Dartmouth College; Discovery Eye Foundation; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Arc (geometry); Convection; Joule heating; Conjunction (astronomy); Closure (psychology); Substorm; Current (fluid); Joule effect","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001089683,0.000741732,0.0009359158,0.0006633508,0.0007800207,0.001227355,0.001487247,0.001644677,0.001416726],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004784922,0.0006230494,0.0009196133,0.0005790924,0.001154564,0.0007031334,0.00091838,0.001236647,0.0001432966],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001281973,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001162012,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04368605,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0238614,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996769,0.0001292666,0.00002144296,0.00005761161,0.00005367208,0.00006107359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969972,0.002130219,0.0002019486,0.0001935959,0.0002779536,0.0001990983],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005461122,0.00003657759,0.002974673,0.00000935157,0.0000187214,0.00002596269,0.00002432238,0.9959183,0.0002268895,0.0002059796,0.00005754721,0.0004470196],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001647487,0.00001271747,0.0003674304,0.000002144223,0.000003215918,0.00000227889,0.00001455417,0.9993283,0.0001201875,0.00008233452,0.00004732039,0.000003112626],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9832971,0.0001052897,0.01188605,0.0002519935,0.00003474743,0.00006231556,0.0007949153,0.0003894649,0.003178094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928353,0.00003385246,0.006165059,0.00005523763,0.000008280276,0.00006411772,0.000481199,0.00005296166,0.0003039145],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04368605,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08686358,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04399656956251531,"score_gpt":0.3860909518677909,"score_spread":0.3420943823052756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}