{"id":"W4416552075","doi":"10.1080/0309877x.2025.2583099","title":"Comparative analysis of academic performance in business management education: foundation year vs. non-foundation students in UAE higher education","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Further and Higher Education","topic":"Accounting Education and Careers","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Higher education; Foundation (evidence); Business education; Business management; Further education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005666281,0.0001687011,0.0003666005,0.002612544,0.00006678747,0.0001862871,0.000280515,0.00009500412,0.0003900035],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001364726,0.0001661125,0.0000643087,0.0031639,0.00004854079,0.001471829,0.00005093103,0.0002147733,0.00002103454],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002709771,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005533971,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002858129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006976211,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984835,0.00003072291,0.0007577748,0.0002190713,0.000362673,0.0001461974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981886,0.00002948597,0.0007938018,0.0001765039,0.0007936144,0.00001802135],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001211177,0.001051626,0.9561639,0.0003522065,0.0001898163,1.070121e-7,0.0007972319,0.000218984,0.00005154269,0.01295499,0.003314187,0.02478431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004852113,0.000008175423,0.9572821,0.0004360955,0.000417787,3.540012e-7,0.002474315,0.00005926329,0.000007255475,0.001254017,0.0374375,0.0001378995],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9637632,0.0003901449,0.00002568514,0.003534399,0.003354429,0.0003126679,3.163509e-7,0.000008007378,0.02861119],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992412,0.0002268328,0.0001657134,0.001335058,0.0006006141,0.00004637616,0.00006898128,0.00001013012,0.005134305],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03412331,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6773871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0160550222536901,"score_gpt":0.3268369435746956,"score_spread":0.3107819213210055,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}