{"id":"W4416556351","doi":"10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436","title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Clinical Neurophysiology","topic":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Krembil Foundation; University of Toronto","funders":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Horizon 2020; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; National Health and Medical Research Council; European Research Council; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; National Institutes of Health; H. Lundbeck A/S; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung; LivaNova; Dalhousie University; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology; Oulun Yliopisto; European Commission; University of Oxford; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst; Royal Society; CorTec; Lundbeckfonden; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; BrainsWay; Innovationsfonden; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; Wellcome Trust; EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research","keywords":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation; Transcranial alternating current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Stimulation; Dosing; Psychological intervention; Adverse effect; Clinical trial","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001880495,0.0003865387,0.0006580002,0.00005549955,0.001245296,0.0001575909,0.0006323584,0.0003989828,0.000007722838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006095743,0.0002806541,0.0003842638,0.0002719412,0.001399501,0.0001946261,0.0001887224,0.0008862923,0.000006339606],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002405704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009406401,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001457339,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007611658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.994047,0.002040259,0.001767151,0.00148194,0.0002654069,0.0003982768],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9861676,0.0121593,0.0004399286,0.0005530092,0.0005613531,0.0001187858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003811783,0.0003953606,0.0002133311,0.00004071666,0.00007579201,0.000001288615,0.00007840771,0.002602515,0.8879352,0.004742154,0.03666386,0.06343963],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01042259,0.003066183,0.2234805,0.00002597472,0.0003133574,0.0000202113,0.00004381344,0.6857502,0.001253608,0.007650956,0.0673791,0.0005935671],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7764323,0.0001289937,0.1610397,0.05759727,0.001721787,0.002680944,0.000172382,0.0001673323,0.00005935719],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9527002,0.0006980653,0.0008524401,0.04432248,0.0009440152,0.0001260131,0.0001532211,0.00004731796,0.0001562598],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8866816,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999645,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07426888058754073,"score_gpt":0.3989048848812417,"score_spread":0.324636004293701,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}