{"id":"W4416556351","doi":"10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436","title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Clinical Neurophysiology","topic":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Krembil Foundation; University of Toronto","funders":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Horizon 2020; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; National Health and Medical Research Council; European Research Council; HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; National Institutes of Health; H. Lundbeck A/S; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung; LivaNova; Dalhousie University; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology; Oulun Yliopisto; European Commission; University of Oxford; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst; Royal Society; CorTec; Lundbeckfonden; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; BrainsWay; Innovationsfonden; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; Wellcome Trust; EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research","keywords":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation; Transcranial alternating current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Stimulation; Dosing; Psychological intervention; Adverse effect; Clinical trial","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01323158,0.001155662,0.001670859,0.002838715,0.0009312716,0.002674425,0.003017753,0.006799299,0.01163249],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02470836,0.0007155573,0.002175394,0.001345142,0.001461848,0.002028676,0.001821995,0.004775231,0.01001793],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001854055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0108288,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007500216,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01244425,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9894441,0.003282349,0.002490869,0.0003796992,0.003928686,0.0004742503],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9697566,0.01104947,0.002768843,0.0008008159,0.01495794,0.0006662849],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002103042,0.0003005536,0.0006463091,0.005961429,0.00009340778,0.0005669401,0.0003896489,0.0008733295,0.005874171,0.006484413,0.4656909,0.5129085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001863168,0.0002421814,0.002427816,0.009896137,0.0001667283,0.001640506,0.000221331,0.0007453486,0.001807394,0.006431597,0.9761444,0.00009019493],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.01274561,0.3988286,0.1431592,0.1565545,0.02046664,0.01202521,0.01914775,0.00699287,0.2300797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05354251,0.4481336,0.1830879,0.1233008,0.008423408,0.02383745,0.039576,0.002334582,0.1177638],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01323158,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06997609,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07426888058754073,"score_gpt":0.3989048848812417,"score_spread":0.324636004293701,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}