{"id":"W4416556858","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-04866-0_16","title":"The Surgical Ethics of Numbers: Sample Size and Surgical Research","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Medical ethics","topic":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Sample size determination; Meaning (existential); Obligation; Sample (material); Affect (linguistics); Psychological intervention; Research ethics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0793861,0.001313987,0.003010798,0.003253093,0.001105667,0.005512141,0.002404329,0.00899472,0.009078223],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2733664,0.001324349,0.0007796271,0.00272702,0.02041795,0.0106661,0.003011048,0.01280623,0.002080875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003939955,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003899497,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001537554,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00312376,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8821738,0.1026158,0.002830508,0.001940917,0.01008792,0.0003509941],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5395471,0.4471474,0.003787711,0.004428532,0.004315738,0.0007735604],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000930121,0.00004412644,0.0003459729,0.001994,0.000126801,0.0001028264,0.000744731,0.0006734343,0.0001432668,0.7500888,0.121946,0.1236971],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004572462,0.0000262838,0.0002235478,0.001639156,0.00003775829,0.0002326865,0.0001526987,0.001093736,0.0001046991,0.9477519,0.04866436,0.00002734399],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001982838,0.3777525,0.1830383,0.2933533,0.01585114,0.0003468976,0.0004620784,0.0001906157,0.1270223],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1479394,0.2135604,0.3453732,0.1558861,0.05993235,0.00450152,0.000311264,0.001117027,0.0713788],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9206139,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4198388,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8551831983558217,"score_gpt":0.6349647090445824,"score_spread":0.2202184893112393,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}