{"id":"W4416598778","doi":"10.1177/00111287251384670","title":"Approaches to Defining the “Hate Element” of a Behavior: A Data-Driven Typology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime & Delinquency","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"Public Safety Canada","keywords":"Typology; Diversity (politics); Prejudice (legal term); Element (criminal law); Linguistic typology; Poison control","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02354085,0.0008692991,0.0008222367,0.0225631,0.003154543,0.007226279,0.002400198,0.001319325,0.001737124],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06405291,0.0004644076,0.001123293,0.01914025,0.01054974,0.0110703,0.006523451,0.00296291,0.0003631053],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007536722,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004298318,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009318002,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009832357,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9769562,0.01434107,0.002504605,0.002379334,0.003285574,0.0005332966],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.922506,0.04880328,0.009018712,0.008635368,0.009833031,0.001203493],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001719158,0.0002466848,0.432449,0.001393146,0.0002467083,0.0004391487,0.09619374,0.005364077,0.001805968,0.3070405,0.004145253,0.1505038],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006172741,0.0001975757,0.1714949,0.003365959,0.0001380231,0.0009165594,0.2203375,0.04190609,0.002694632,0.4815279,0.07708392,0.0002753068],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5753421,0.003870924,0.356147,0.00975382,0.0003351509,0.0017371,0.00470197,0.0001964862,0.0479155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8459973,0.001180926,0.1456375,0.0006278855,0.00007218607,0.001986223,0.003417396,0.00007678958,0.001003655],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02354085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1244974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1162184594939914,"score_gpt":0.3112130093596154,"score_spread":0.194994549865624,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}