{"id":"W4416735869","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00308-5","title":"Passive direct air capture via evaporative carbonate crystallization","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Evaporation; Carbonate; Crystallization; Capital cost; Flux (metallurgy); Work (physics); Scalability","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001963144,0.0003424382,0.0003112449,0.0001526871,0.0002876277,0.0005724066,0.0005733867,0.0002889385,0.002702358],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000275501,0.00024023,0.0001979859,0.0001814119,0.0003953367,0.0009930563,0.0007278697,0.0007554683,0.0007724679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005505951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004698939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001646023,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003556132,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997631,0.00001019557,0.00000910756,0.00008351436,0.00007626633,0.00005791936],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999877,0.00004110446,0.00001716264,0.00002844441,0.00002288829,0.0000133701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001706602,0.00006968801,0.0003343851,0.0001998431,0.000009944846,0.00006540061,0.00007580493,0.0006423212,0.9841261,0.002551243,0.0006594255,0.01109518],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001537642,0.00006395612,0.0002578245,0.000003466491,0.000003853352,0.00003524546,0.00001339476,0.004042641,0.9923666,0.00008500538,0.003103884,0.000008725254],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9494744,0.001196614,0.02509911,0.0002413791,0.000191937,0.0001268276,0.0004081426,0.0007043177,0.02255717],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899305,0.0003054156,0.003042194,0.00004047202,0.00002136194,0.00002343339,0.0001199865,0.0000551467,0.006461501],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002702358,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009040296,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.001624404632794579,"score_gpt":0.186086724947089,"score_spread":0.1844623203142944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}