{"id":"W4416772887","doi":"10.1017/jog.2025.10111","title":"Modelling the evolution of near-surface ice layers and their impact on runoff generation processes across a High Arctic Ice Cap","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Glaciology","topic":"Cryospheric studies and observations","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council","keywords":"Meltwater; Melt pond; Ice sheet; Ice stream; Arctic ice pack; Surface runoff; Ice shelf; Antarctic sea ice; Arctic","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000354546,0.00008327942,0.0001866604,0.00001084746,0.0002728526,0.00002565706,0.0001007657,0.00004893383,0.0000344499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001128006,0.00004183657,0.00004668294,0.0002081296,0.0001207443,0.0001039371,0.000008733009,0.0001414323,0.000001128411],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001942764,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001560128,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004783397,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001011741,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993866,0.00007405024,0.0002453808,0.00008370506,0.00007387933,0.0001363868],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990431,0.0004333368,0.0002188548,0.00007168858,0.0002069666,0.00002601873],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001150506,0.00001131619,0.1310736,0.00002292962,0.00006815809,6.455399e-7,0.001295778,0.8660861,0.0001325402,0.0000975517,0.000157712,0.0009386353],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004492,0.0006411061,0.4926421,0.0000614172,0.0000476411,0.00003195825,0.004732694,0.4981112,0.00008093611,0.00193346,0.001177327,0.000090903],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9849378,0.006454921,0.007218022,0.0009856252,0.0002769936,0.00006482108,0.00002142738,0.00000271042,0.00003765749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984795,0.0006250769,0.0006397297,0.000126385,0.00009294152,2.336523e-7,0.000004182621,0.000001284408,0.00003067797],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3679748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7231098,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02429118238258341,"score_gpt":0.2600979625309185,"score_spread":0.2358067801483351,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}