{"id":"W4416796134","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127453","title":"Analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics emerged from polyethylene bags and polyethylene terephthalate bottles by an artificial intelligence-enabled tool","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Pollution","topic":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Microplastics; Polyethylene terephthalate; Polyethylene; Photodegradation; Polymer; Plastic pollution; Spectroscopy; Particle (ecology); Infrared spectroscopy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001303442,0.0002682751,0.0001732247,0.0005907459,0.0001712453,0.000517808,0.0001603845,0.0003459791,0.0003319349],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002712275,0.0001216116,0.0003212285,0.0003905009,0.0001894952,0.0004114082,0.0002399455,0.0003088426,0.0001300729],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000124559,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001823115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005446699,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006221297,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999854,0.00001226968,0.00001145461,0.00003663483,0.00006940324,0.00001633774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998661,0.00004289646,0.00003117993,0.000006868443,0.0000418538,0.00001102023],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001376707,0.00003157096,0.002507465,0.00005270483,0.00001767993,0.00012513,0.00004056348,0.001222207,0.9869038,0.00009141042,0.00002744283,0.008842423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003471926,0.0001636257,0.01508704,0.000006700692,0.00003820331,0.0001849989,0.000113493,0.03384883,0.9495786,0.0001193911,0.000838042,0.00001763815],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9680484,0.0003843202,0.02992196,0.00004282787,0.00002336888,0.00002210016,0.000383472,0.0001298719,0.001043631],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9711245,0.0005283888,0.02627818,0.00003380645,0.000009172476,0.00002665053,0.0004536734,0.00003108474,0.001514578],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0005907459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001110435,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005892651775061924,"score_gpt":0.2083823322419128,"score_spread":0.2024896804668509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}