{"id":"W4416796271","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5801742","title":"Banking Without Banks in Canada: Banking-as-a-Service Disruption and Regulatory Gaps ","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Canadian Policy and Governance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Financial services; Financial regulation; Accountability; Retail banking; Consumer protection; Financial intermediary; Payment; Intermediation; Financial inclusion","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002606219,0.0003151132,0.0009355115,0.002651072,0.008876182,0.01244981,0.002238078,0.00425244,0.01058397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01247476,0.0004043032,0.0007130896,0.0104027,0.003496617,0.003937182,0.003178193,0.004752673,0.0005163107],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.1599592,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.3116392,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9979893,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9988334,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9940146,0.000330528,0.0001633902,0.0003636068,0.001352559,0.003775448],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9811258,0.002374669,0.003040596,0.0003219237,0.007247488,0.005889561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001010221,0.0005561365,0.436255,0.0006764717,0.0002731867,0.001510413,0.01550674,0.006541107,0.0005180075,0.2297343,0.2317183,0.07570011],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001088626,0.0000835458,0.8206589,0.000798946,0.0002593753,0.0001811697,0.04986529,0.005277171,0.0006249577,0.01929561,0.1025848,0.0002614765],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.6916481,0.01710215,0.0005915248,0.2101168,0.0003469959,0.0001240213,0.01424304,0.0001232208,0.06570408],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9802691,0.003237533,0.0002102505,0.004416036,0.00006129326,0.00002090356,0.001090082,0.00002627791,0.01066835],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8400408,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9743283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01180986065634088,"score_gpt":0.2702047278336074,"score_spread":0.2583948671772666,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}