{"id":"W4416892266","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70174","title":"Review: Sustainable electrochemical lithium extraction from brine and seawater","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Seawater; Brine; Electrochemistry; Lithium (medication); Lithium iron phosphate; Capacitive deionization; Energy storage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004590011,0.001262476,0.001906684,0.002189006,0.0004076805,0.001419717,0.000966037,0.001167997,0.005401784],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007926747,0.0004277193,0.0008264029,0.003271539,0.0003341795,0.00170338,0.0007441505,0.001238606,0.00246159],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005485558,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001417076,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000900662,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001197872,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996737,0.00004161294,0.00005261076,0.00006343993,0.0001327183,0.00003588748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995435,0.0001596679,0.00008217143,0.0000153761,0.0001684044,0.00003082316],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001173943,0.0001170489,0.0002038251,0.1337237,0.0004397342,0.0004831035,0.0001547127,0.001287925,0.01311477,0.007681999,0.134495,0.7081807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000136819,0.0001111888,0.0004021803,0.004396109,0.0002055641,0.0004562271,0.00007589918,0.0001893585,0.002142305,0.001169283,0.9908047,0.00003350019],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006727615,0.9938164,0.0005380788,0.000725063,0.001208204,0.00002433745,0.0001485529,0.00003245187,0.002834149],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002203282,0.9951814,0.0003189735,0.0004413587,0.0002898642,0.00001914292,0.000134515,0.000004924716,0.001406522],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005401784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01807082,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003749910174503061,"score_gpt":0.2085458064913348,"score_spread":0.2047958963168317,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}