{"id":"W4416892266","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70174","title":"Review: Sustainable electrochemical lithium extraction from brine and seawater","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Seawater; Brine; Electrochemistry; Lithium (medication); Lithium iron phosphate; Capacitive deionization; Energy storage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001382349,0.00009302552,0.0001477048,0.00008735788,0.00003906523,0.00005677701,0.0001088824,0.0000615445,0.00005270386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001632352,0.0000753721,0.00003869507,0.0001666848,0.00002129387,0.0001573973,0.000005660186,0.0003806517,0.00000205974],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000147885,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000128414,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002794455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005944746,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994413,0.000005580473,0.0002356988,0.00005715056,0.00006646357,0.0001938562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995525,0.00006855201,0.00002899148,0.00007673651,0.0001078792,0.0001653477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001362941,0.000006867805,0.00008167602,0.001074927,0.0001546928,0.00003911521,0.0001502816,0.003677013,0.9281464,0.001407365,0.06401368,0.001234309],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002265621,0.000008311568,0.00009602698,0.0006107136,0.00007443535,0.0001402365,0.0000215614,0.0073685,0.649217,0.0006204334,0.3414496,0.0001666478],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6875938,0.2569529,0.02782075,0.01415574,0.001405418,0.0004854744,0.000007603332,0.0002607842,0.01131763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979742,0.0007029195,0.0002389605,0.0004492617,0.0001380293,0.000003537777,0.000003579379,0.00001350424,0.0004760424],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3103804,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3073585,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003749910174503061,"score_gpt":0.2085458064913348,"score_spread":0.2047958963168317,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}