{"id":"W4416909795","doi":"10.1002/nml.70029","title":"Linking Environmental Health and Civic Health: An Analysis of Air Pollution and Charitable Giving","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nonprofit Management and Leadership","topic":"Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Regional Municipality of Niagara; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Air pollution; Air quality index; Action (physics); Instrumental variable; Environmental quality; Acid rain","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002217008,0.0001938592,0.0003455158,0.001283345,0.001107666,0.001070949,0.0004636766,0.0005017603,0.002804602],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00687365,0.0001307086,0.0006722026,0.001463673,0.000500682,0.0004594743,0.001416832,0.001230931,0.0002252258],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008296857,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001106293,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01693214,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0174308,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986613,0.0007681843,0.00004923166,0.00009696947,0.0001113518,0.0003129565],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9868689,0.004567255,0.004098671,0.0006354557,0.0009477988,0.002881799],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001028509,0.0002825142,0.9914299,0.00002051632,0.0002117853,0.000107577,0.0004654437,0.001762309,0.00009035631,0.0005195173,0.0004695221,0.004537677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006048708,0.0001242908,0.991888,0.0000259062,0.00007548086,0.00006261744,0.002297299,0.003341069,0.00009480179,0.0006176631,0.001455853,0.00001101754],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983248,0.0001095016,0.0002551245,0.0003021342,0.000009302023,0.00000753336,0.000137963,0.000004524529,0.0008490855],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993789,0.00004165927,0.00005148257,0.00001515979,0.00000889213,0.000005724701,0.0001405811,0.000001042485,0.0003564552],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01693214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03366715,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0712480038305737,"score_gpt":0.3164407183552094,"score_spread":0.2451927145246357,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}