{"id":"W4416910316","doi":"10.2147/opth.s549820","title":"Comparing Ophthalmologist and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Clinical ophthalmology","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital; Mount Sinai Hospital; University of Toronto; Queen's University; University of British Columbia; University of Alberta; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Chatbot; Empathy; MEDLINE; Virtual patient","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009070073,0.0001642445,0.0005158201,0.0002470281,0.0002043207,0.00002780625,0.0001293513,0.0002895257,0.0001589607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005869656,0.0001528681,0.00009881342,0.0004161669,0.0004740957,0.00004413694,0.0001582719,0.0004517407,0.0002040979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007712576,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003214967,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003688216,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001359903,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974427,0.0003350574,0.001194092,0.0005531805,0.0001129554,0.0003620015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969831,0.001902869,0.0001135302,0.0004245716,0.0002532732,0.0003226734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001924679,0.0009310012,0.8054016,0.0000826853,0.00005861854,0.0003820963,0.0004514211,0.0000352994,0.0001875574,0.01887173,0.0006330371,0.1710403],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009144318,0.006832861,0.8961909,0.0005580903,0.0001738402,0.003352444,0.003272118,0.001651436,0.004722974,0.07866967,0.003983076,0.0005011485],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.975466,0.0003380165,0.001479391,0.01611296,0.001897021,0.0005824125,0.000003319362,0.00005571076,0.004065202],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946867,0.00005179559,0.002498305,0.001757798,0.0002386484,0.00008163862,0.000009090518,0.00001139814,0.0006645927],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1705392,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.702695,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4595891035189415,"score_gpt":0.5629351826938627,"score_spread":0.1033460791749212,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}