{"id":"W4416915410","doi":"10.1561/2900000042","title":"Detecting Disinformation about Health in Social Media: A Review of Four Inductive Studies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Foundations and Trends® in Information Systems","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Disinformation; Misinformation; Social media; Harm; Deception; Quality (philosophy); Key (lock); Communication source","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002277386,0.00009711772,0.0003375717,0.001148757,0.0004540873,0.0001252877,0.00008688825,0.0000728974,0.00002181522],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00112387,0.00009177485,0.00003709419,0.001891802,0.0001068283,0.003100725,0.0000296993,0.000129991,0.000008079046],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003538557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002534074,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009801649,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002117448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980371,0.000189526,0.001215077,0.00006325541,0.000293173,0.0002018857],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998715,0.0002053273,0.0006439224,0.00008339861,0.0003078835,0.00004449493],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001070205,0.00002163829,0.0005957166,0.002888192,0.00003116859,7.957627e-8,0.3317099,0.00005688052,2.07078e-7,0.1474071,0.003897051,0.5133814],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002634331,0.00005962819,0.09867666,0.01675194,0.00003244559,0.000004532628,0.626523,0.001794642,0.000003539269,0.001792933,0.2512674,0.0004590214],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1323342,0.02934308,0.008687247,0.03831686,0.006226733,0.005287253,0.0003286136,0.0003936943,0.7790823],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919977,0.007128701,0.0000805054,0.0004919461,0.00004863657,0.00003453755,0.00009822499,0.000002227501,0.0001175341],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8596635,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.374247,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09750626960608295,"score_gpt":0.4249859233652966,"score_spread":0.3274796537592137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}