{"id":"W4416954078","doi":"10.3390/e27121227","title":"Disentangling Boltzmann Brains, the Time-Asymmetry of Memory, and the Second Law","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Entropy","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute","funders":"Science Foundation Ireland","keywords":"Boltzmann constant; Entropy (arrow of time); Markov chain; Conjecture; Inference; Stochastic dynamics; Invariant (physics); Boltzmann's entropy formula; Bayesian probability; Markov process","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001098615,0.00007657264,0.0001358728,0.000009899715,0.0001379955,0.00002361179,0.0001215039,0.0000132614,0.0002002419],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009364116,0.0000418568,0.00005133858,0.00006182787,0.0001505074,0.00002401753,0.00007380195,0.0001045402,0.000005222107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005791411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009942321,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001894466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003938894,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999539,0.00004563204,0.000131943,0.0001040259,0.00006412964,0.0001153229],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994112,0.0003201482,0.00005343111,0.0001758935,0.00001869135,0.00002068655],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002721698,0.00001585312,0.00009763835,0.000006731796,0.00005328074,2.526836e-7,0.00007107452,0.00001160228,0.0003673837,0.9946674,0.0001361885,0.004545373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001108977,0.00001385504,0.0001017625,0.00001839292,0.0000438028,2.093968e-7,0.0003661545,0.0585281,0.001793891,0.9321503,0.005797718,0.00007682152],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2188409,0.001286231,0.5391185,0.004680661,0.0007256228,0.001071864,0.0005872454,0.00004355305,0.2336454],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970721,0.000002696751,0.0004005249,0.0003115806,0.00005738224,0.000008464888,0.000007622813,0.000006576061,0.002133031],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7782312,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2192508,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002233191092648268,"score_gpt":0.2208767505113589,"score_spread":0.2186435594187106,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}