{"id":"W4416954078","doi":"10.3390/e27121227","title":"Disentangling Boltzmann Brains, the Time-Asymmetry of Memory, and the Second Law","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Entropy","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute","funders":"Science Foundation Ireland","keywords":"Boltzmann constant; Entropy (arrow of time); Markov chain; Conjecture; Inference; Stochastic dynamics; Invariant (physics); Boltzmann's entropy formula; Bayesian probability; Markov process","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003774485,0.0004725626,0.000650658,0.0009961203,0.0006980883,0.003162578,0.001095295,0.001392275,0.001969489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01212119,0.0003283165,0.0008829053,0.0005378715,0.01071056,0.009899694,0.003050499,0.003393319,0.0002559879],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001695688,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001087913,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001762313,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009666217,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986975,0.0005599874,0.00005497706,0.0002021657,0.0003511417,0.0001342704],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9912944,0.006161664,0.001004901,0.0009467872,0.0003293539,0.0002628654],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001306056,0.000004850433,0.0002009449,0.00001450105,0.000005293941,0.00003984616,0.0001975941,0.00177237,0.000137971,0.9947488,0.0002025051,0.002662305],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002567505,0.000002308655,0.0001097082,0.000005066918,0.000001664235,0.00001912463,0.00001699483,0.005225709,0.00007687127,0.9941748,0.0003608959,0.000004356541],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2744144,0.007482674,0.5826274,0.03854413,0.0006269655,0.00005284019,0.0002263293,0.0004212279,0.09560392],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9732096,0.001544086,0.01979145,0.001218501,0.0005071226,0.00006156415,0.00005050543,0.00006467176,0.003552677],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.003774485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0199616,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002233191092648268,"score_gpt":0.2208767505113589,"score_spread":0.2186435594187106,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}