{"id":"W4416961911","doi":"10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268816","title":"DNS Profiler: Quantifying User Browsing Risk from DNS Traffic Patterns","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Athabasca University; MacEwan University","funders":"MacEwan University","keywords":"Profiling (computer programming); Personalization; Web navigation; Domain name; Domain (mathematical analysis); The Internet; User profile; User information","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001094813,0.001356528,0.001470905,0.0004505025,0.0007110065,0.0008364572,0.001067229,0.001082144,0.003947809],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002395028,0.001524219,0.0007587094,0.001232479,0.0001920209,0.0008674387,0.0006266382,0.002529445,0.0004224656],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000803562,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002182838,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003895758,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008442758,"domain_scores_codex":[0.992705,0.0005781114,0.001950777,0.001918136,0.0007599845,0.002087964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9957652,0.001150417,0.0003288556,0.002130055,0.0002118301,0.0004136295],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000482238,0.001716479,0.382971,0.003383002,0.003695519,0.0001539411,0.01072803,0.4572983,0.001980924,0.002598971,0.01030432,0.1246872],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004002895,0.0001183618,0.09271961,0.002129118,0.00142732,0.000005440907,0.002059439,0.8766662,0.005521113,0.0005745215,0.01238218,0.002393786],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8740374,0.005762285,0.102437,0.0002073789,0.009660345,0.001734211,0.0005672486,0.001351363,0.004242729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920421,0.001721989,0.002760086,0.0002454901,0.001232322,0.0001046445,0.0001484494,0.0002367566,0.001508213],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4193678,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999186,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01617701444408232,"score_gpt":0.249504445810059,"score_spread":0.2333274313659767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}