{"id":"W4416961911","doi":"10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268816","title":"DNS Profiler: Quantifying User Browsing Risk from DNS Traffic Patterns","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Athabasca University; MacEwan University","funders":"MacEwan University","keywords":"Profiling (computer programming); Personalization; Web navigation; Domain name; Domain (mathematical analysis); The Internet; User profile; User information","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001281946,0.001119563,0.0006348203,0.005318326,0.0003450768,0.001234024,0.0005075884,0.0007074047,0.0005322547],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005316934,0.0002299104,0.0003950741,0.002290663,0.0002004054,0.00173352,0.0007668702,0.0005762261,0.0005311967],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005080471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005170858,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003602478,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004391826,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989194,0.0003385255,0.0001158233,0.0001845294,0.0003475978,0.00009419609],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967381,0.001034643,0.0008257139,0.0005696598,0.0005925343,0.000239361],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005623429,0.000900012,0.5669616,0.0002771253,0.0003985306,0.0003657879,0.0008198713,0.08755165,0.02164835,0.005282884,0.003668047,0.3115638],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000119938,0.0002812635,0.1273881,0.00003740537,0.00006540425,0.000694934,0.0002770464,0.8571734,0.008558904,0.003606732,0.001811809,0.0000930719],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7513012,0.0003497021,0.2360239,0.0002103129,0.0000374853,0.0003193549,0.003101835,0.004307457,0.004348724],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9517616,0.0001206437,0.04566497,0.00002714916,0.00002034806,0.00006558188,0.001690635,0.00004629676,0.0006027509],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005318326,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007162988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01617701444408232,"score_gpt":0.249504445810059,"score_spread":0.2333274313659767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}