{"id":"W4417118942","doi":"10.1038/s43247-025-03059-6","title":"Declining number of northern hemisphere land-surface frozen days under global warming and thinner snowpacks","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications Earth & Environment","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health; McGill University; University of Calgary","funders":"Mitacs; McGill University","keywords":"Northern Hemisphere; Snow; Global warming; Climate change; Air temperature; Snow cover; Snowmelt","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001865595,0.0001201463,0.0001649089,0.00001165774,0.0002465874,0.00003103705,0.0003732009,0.00007012107,0.002244618],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001026929,0.0001095553,0.00004246375,0.0001028809,0.0002070285,0.00008737965,0.0001632466,0.0001329643,0.000193112],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009117843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000233982,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002627575,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01791622,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991874,0.00008638155,0.0002411267,0.0001847567,0.0001253435,0.0001750522],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998816,0.0002038772,0.00008400989,0.0008179581,0.00001146222,0.00006672022],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009250675,0.00003208743,0.9884556,0.00001227046,0.00002632685,4.692434e-7,0.0002428712,0.001927638,0.00006227584,0.00009610871,0.00008723621,0.009047866],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003868241,0.00002279368,0.9607589,0.00007222261,0.00004907666,0.000007073521,0.0009092798,0.006651424,0.0000652595,0.001090994,0.02981053,0.0001756846],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9677159,0.004067184,0.0001988194,0.001303848,0.00005293719,0.0001340715,0.0005243165,0.00001874102,0.02598415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921131,0.003873529,0.002603246,0.0003044755,0.0000128497,0.000001611582,0.0006316412,0.000003415253,0.0004561344],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02972329,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997669,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03325960574490019,"score_gpt":0.2745455160042682,"score_spread":0.241285910259368,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}