{"id":"W4417146886","doi":"10.1111/exsy.70180","title":"Neural Networks for Space Debris Classification","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Expert Systems","topic":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Ontario Centre of Innovation","keywords":"Space debris; Debris; Object (grammar); Convolutional neural network; Collision; Field (mathematics); Focus (optics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001266746,0.0001416466,0.0002222349,0.00007038775,0.00006888255,0.00008709901,0.0001170168,0.0001163178,0.00000358944],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001317788,0.0001299393,0.0000813298,0.0001459272,0.000009790388,0.00006918964,0.00000742139,0.00006608052,0.00001065517],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008407776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007825062,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001658926,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000198423,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992388,0.00002708671,0.0002421343,0.0001686184,0.00007625656,0.0002470974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995233,0.00007526604,0.00003081906,0.0002748363,0.00004957572,0.00004615334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001069487,0.00006159549,0.003239756,0.0009942078,0.0006355556,0.000006880225,0.001938082,0.4005045,0.03707818,0.06224694,0.3936304,0.0995569],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002366307,0.000008290088,0.0002163319,0.00005027954,0.000005192486,0.000001695307,0.000432498,0.7394014,0.0001058985,0.000006059264,0.2594342,0.000101577],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.006195041,0.05730707,0.9022207,0.0006296562,0.01143844,0.001820965,0.000008840858,0.0009759202,0.01940336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995571,0.00007912873,0.0000766854,0.00006083799,0.0006601905,0.0005601522,0.000009859855,0.00002942813,0.002952769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9893759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5298771,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01256582657882711,"score_gpt":0.2396942606884268,"score_spread":0.2271284341095997,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}