{"id":"W4417146886","doi":"10.1111/exsy.70180","title":"Neural Networks for Space Debris Classification","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Expert Systems","topic":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Ontario Centre of Innovation","keywords":"Space debris; Debris; Object (grammar); Convolutional neural network; Collision; Field (mathematics); Focus (optics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005279485,0.0008814016,0.0004874041,0.001016125,0.0003264411,0.0008576636,0.0009792295,0.001095799,0.002248336],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001495612,0.0003535596,0.0006417074,0.0009727751,0.0003631534,0.0007435105,0.0006359163,0.001056465,0.0006317674],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00110016,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006969211,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01389818,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009547046,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997987,0.00003831401,0.00001358959,0.00006271077,0.00004492812,0.00004177314],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995947,0.0001725347,0.00005052874,0.00003242238,0.000134196,0.00001559368],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009814844,0.00005882903,0.001295098,0.00005503356,0.00004432922,0.00006745682,0.00002224677,0.8778904,0.001530182,0.001714858,0.002227651,0.1149957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001139039,0.000005130069,0.0001336941,0.00000305397,0.000002069365,0.000002996403,0.000002479859,0.9987742,0.0002301233,0.00067895,0.0001643678,0.000001674044],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.2757682,0.006246313,0.6930934,0.002221704,0.0006353579,0.0002282892,0.001776259,0.005416775,0.0146138],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9360479,0.0006845858,0.05564258,0.0001955895,0.000126111,0.0001210754,0.001295719,0.00007638559,0.005810182],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01389818,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02763456,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01256582657882711,"score_gpt":0.2396942606884268,"score_spread":0.2271284341095997,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}