{"id":"W4417225915","doi":"10.1103/n4xc-4nw4","title":"Characterization of wake-induced transition in a boundary layer","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Fluids","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; King’s College London","keywords":"Boundary layer; Boundary (topology); Turbulence; Instability; Nonlinear system; Characterization (materials science); Fusion; Blasius boundary layer; Boundary layer thickness","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007471357,0.00009706417,0.0002741622,0.00005589255,0.00001065442,0.00000707869,0.00006833217,0.00002530132,0.00001537019],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001074937,0.00009218758,0.00008416982,0.0003463787,0.00000994354,0.00008315509,0.000008957565,0.00009623553,0.00001280796],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003384563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001597874,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000468091,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002196746,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999458,0.00001814073,0.0002282499,0.0001018653,0.00008526668,0.0001085432],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997884,0.00001624956,0.00001148894,0.0001401183,0.00002297404,0.00002077438],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003278606,0.000078299,0.00002413026,0.002328881,0.00001682148,0.000001189188,0.00007925762,0.0002030652,0.9740825,0.007115036,0.00006329145,0.01600423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005886774,0.00005867057,0.01171867,0.00656663,0.0001041938,8.720029e-7,0.000002245055,0.9259018,0.04361383,0.001993537,0.009115454,0.0003354577],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.992884,0.003199816,0.001597445,0.0002909641,0.0001311642,0.0002518265,0.00001118707,0.00004998368,0.001583589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934391,0.006173301,0.0000256415,0.0002162824,0.00003287728,0.00003555619,0.00005161015,0.00001109803,0.00001456],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9304687,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3759301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008955360946390746,"score_gpt":0.2532315800943518,"score_spread":0.2442762191479611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}