{"id":"W4417258784","doi":"10.1017/9781108672146.025","title":"Analyzing Quantitative Data: Exploring Key Concepts in Inferential Statistics","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Key (lock); Process (computing); Data collection; Term (time); Research methodology; Research design","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.08965829,0.002380617,0.002463741,0.01083637,0.002710093,0.01440917,0.004796776,0.003214296,0.007830294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1414194,0.001720213,0.002197186,0.01476938,0.02126761,0.01698945,0.005424887,0.008971546,0.003101003],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004408801,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009242745,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002099114,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00193034,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8992834,0.08273859,0.005134528,0.003691133,0.008525895,0.0006265484],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7104509,0.27152,0.003828653,0.007760482,0.005831571,0.0006083525],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002020252,0.00005284644,0.0007200562,0.002610608,0.0001271643,0.0002648013,0.01319997,0.002148624,0.0004789181,0.8409141,0.017061,0.1224017],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001717819,0.0000470837,0.0005729879,0.00238936,0.00003119769,0.0003025804,0.003050825,0.006306462,0.0003481907,0.8956494,0.09122839,0.00005636562],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008909309,0.006775955,0.9737241,0.005593531,0.0005280615,0.0008868466,0.0004100588,0.00049304,0.01069747],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01535831,0.007515581,0.9689187,0.001611131,0.0005767522,0.004193432,0.0003810304,0.0003776468,0.001067378],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08965829,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.474164,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1579029085465078,"score_gpt":0.2933853623886599,"score_spread":0.1354824538421522,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}