{"id":"W4417309305","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2025.2559473","title":"Fraudulent Lives: Imagining Welfare Cheats from the Poor Law to the Present","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Family & Community History","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Poor law; Welfare; Poor people; Poverty; Welfare system","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005807329,0.0003962623,0.0003452116,0.001969074,0.01241581,0.01171023,0.001085719,0.006114792,0.004478637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01375719,0.0002768533,0.0002805138,0.001695715,0.04475706,0.01756796,0.005514235,0.008359343,0.0004783011],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007292297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003395933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01163487,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01819932,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967018,0.002427368,0.00002698978,0.00009884303,0.0002530459,0.0004919287],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9910126,0.005850106,0.000798537,0.0003794755,0.0008291791,0.001130079],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005700725,0.00006733971,0.00392905,0.00007438559,0.00001746109,0.000447834,0.1473718,0.0002217074,0.00007078535,0.7521824,0.07022436,0.02533591],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001912584,0.00003577685,0.002886415,0.0005432907,0.0000171634,0.0002670533,0.2216603,0.0004616732,0.0001163776,0.6182171,0.1557494,0.00002642502],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1017521,0.02077377,0.003258589,0.6220113,0.001142273,0.00002184271,0.00008384055,0.00003335144,0.2509229],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9569184,0.008756038,0.0005534635,0.02078029,0.0005419093,0.00002773135,0.00001981696,0.00002813836,0.01237415],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01241581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05290961,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05231143741955247,"score_gpt":0.2265229216593403,"score_spread":0.1742114842397878,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}