{"id":"W4417326387","doi":"10.3390/engproc2025088076","title":"Jamming and Spoofing Detection and Classification Performance Under Hostile GNSS Environments","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"GNSS positioning and interference","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"NovAtel (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Spoofing attack; GNSS applications; Jamming; Resilience (materials science); Galileo (satellite navigation); Satellite navigation; GNSS augmentation; Authentication (law); Global Positioning System","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006113196,0.0005435665,0.0004027614,0.001259079,0.0003372252,0.0005318284,0.000322038,0.0007484573,0.0006253598],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002303981,0.00009265223,0.0001850889,0.0004491951,0.0003124895,0.000436951,0.0004857822,0.0003957038,0.0008010681],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002716217,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001810987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002235739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002341638,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993753,0.00007341391,0.00003151684,0.0001286887,0.0002416474,0.0001494551],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988198,0.0003364137,0.0001712581,0.0001307304,0.0004254185,0.0001164481],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005373707,0.0008779935,0.1984756,0.0002869701,0.0002410748,0.0008179059,0.001050632,0.118971,0.3163415,0.001240874,0.003480107,0.3528425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005512494,0.002165742,0.1749367,0.00003897728,0.00008795031,0.0009756524,0.0005260463,0.5955508,0.2230836,0.0004423708,0.00203722,0.00009974615],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918548,0.00007939658,0.00589917,0.00003888584,0.00002088942,0.00001225877,0.00009282348,0.0004340497,0.001567702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951906,0.00005085137,0.003327176,0.00002773482,0.000007160138,0.00000766802,0.0003099224,0.0000195268,0.001059323],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002235739,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004445374,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009933649046574988,"score_gpt":0.2030765531291361,"score_spread":0.1931429040825611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}