{"id":"W4417326387","doi":"10.3390/engproc2025088076","title":"Jamming and Spoofing Detection and Classification Performance Under Hostile GNSS Environments","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"GNSS positioning and interference","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"NovAtel (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Spoofing attack; GNSS applications; Jamming; Resilience (materials science); Galileo (satellite navigation); Satellite navigation; GNSS augmentation; Authentication (law); Global Positioning System","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001139316,0.0001823076,0.0001345141,0.0001360997,0.0002765894,0.0001434037,0.00005437466,0.0001332108,0.00003446338],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001258914,0.0002044565,0.00001807366,0.0001191553,0.00008060424,0.0003317047,0.0000577993,0.0002205155,0.00002678994],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000120239,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008942622,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002551787,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007134624,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991271,0.00002118971,0.0002449776,0.0003037621,0.00008531732,0.0002175807],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999689,0.00004920607,0.00003868941,0.0001541388,0.00001150105,0.00005743938],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005603937,0.00006935793,0.01479996,0.0006892653,0.000159304,6.882688e-7,0.001258846,0.006824852,0.4097438,0.003541475,0.00007735451,0.5627791],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003234556,0.00009015316,0.3733417,0.0004298485,0.0000596184,0.000008348358,0.0005673543,0.5710644,0.05301655,0.0001132018,0.0007613855,0.0002240131],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8702393,0.0006814769,0.1123624,0.00009311554,0.0003411477,0.0001242535,0.000001356411,0.00005903771,0.01609787],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954053,0.001531884,0.0003908811,0.00005321727,0.00002919181,0.00001485673,0.000002685829,0.00001417654,0.002557765],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5642395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8337492,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009933649046574988,"score_gpt":0.2030765531291361,"score_spread":0.1931429040825611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}