{"id":"W4417405767","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108841","title":"Solid biofuel production from torrefaction of urban tree pruning biomass using a combined mixture-process experimental design","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass and Bioenergy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University; Dalhousie University","funders":"Research Nova Scotia; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Pruning; Heat of combustion; Biofuel; Bioenergy; Residence time (fluid dynamics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007247164,0.0002580625,0.0002876556,0.0002382394,0.00009347012,0.00004121018,0.0001549468,0.0002023993,0.00002164628],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002433879,0.0002398236,0.00005903702,0.0005427111,0.0001153466,0.0001960604,0.00005413023,0.00006424787,0.000001088149],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009500397,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004143632,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001952706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001176419,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988738,0.00003276997,0.0003324971,0.0003649395,0.0001584197,0.0002375171],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995177,0.00003695196,0.00009684011,0.0001995106,0.00007362828,0.00007534672],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001226449,0.00007435088,0.0009511682,0.0001750356,0.0001207404,0.000001862657,0.0001464247,0.00003070971,0.9964662,0.00005518707,0.0001464763,0.001709183],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005352883,0.00006872624,0.0002995962,0.0001313957,0.00004927591,0.000002555603,0.0003611862,0.003343012,0.9945271,0.0002776695,0.0001525107,0.0002516837],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922818,0.00282456,0.003567909,0.00006556626,0.0007701429,0.0001503752,0.00001614391,0.0002334107,0.00009008495],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981516,0.00003606166,0.001593787,0.00001371699,0.00008471709,0.00001709101,0.00003184326,0.0000269838,0.00004421199],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00586978,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9779724,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01537655304698392,"score_gpt":0.252535072429051,"score_spread":0.2371585193820671,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}