{"id":"W4417417641","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-443-13512-5.00011-2","title":"Fluids, liquids, and gases","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics; Simple (philosophy); Particle system; Field (mathematics); Computer animation; Particle (ecology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001835033,0.001467056,0.001209342,0.001857487,0.001075283,0.00337785,0.0008235474,0.001413657,0.1432483],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004824754,0.0006462646,0.0005163451,0.002840895,0.0009135181,0.003082505,0.001460944,0.002623983,0.08402531],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008502505,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000858568,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00372371,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007588182,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997897,0.00001726891,0.000009624657,0.00004209714,0.0001243699,0.00001694598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998838,0.00004216745,0.000006329283,0.00001651978,0.00003720015,0.00001396246],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004008942,0.00007658065,0.0001328276,0.0006996157,0.00001192567,0.0001428194,0.0003097597,0.0007421479,0.002059834,0.1388233,0.4162606,0.4407004],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002696535,0.000009986808,0.0001406829,0.0002536554,0.000003272883,0.0001127318,0.00007355589,0.0001540761,0.0001765484,0.01573487,0.9833335,0.000004409478],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004159842,0.1132004,0.002652237,0.001158701,0.002302964,0.00002354123,0.0002780362,0.0002304122,0.8797376],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002155364,0.03750058,0.001434622,0.0003451336,0.0004767335,0.00003135098,0.0001778318,0.000106843,0.9577715],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1432483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4792133,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005605279530643915,"score_gpt":0.1911918356755387,"score_spread":0.1855865561448948,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}