{"id":"W4417454309","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17120207","title":"RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neurology International","topic":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Association (psychology); Alternative medicine; MEDLINE; Cigarette smoking","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"editorial","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01494896,0.003889448,0.006368396,0.004093911,0.00550998,0.006070041,0.01495185,0.01847043,0.02376062],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08706422,0.002722677,0.00488038,0.003671769,0.003422255,0.00445518,0.004189656,0.02211479,0.01598575],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004921474,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01274173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06730741,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07087976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9905495,0.002060596,0.002033257,0.001378865,0.00314818,0.0008295286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9487695,0.0162458,0.002848823,0.00244084,0.02654871,0.003146366],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001138759,0.00005242133,0.0004545382,0.0005089259,0.00008487013,0.0001362377,0.00006910964,0.00002588598,0.0000481438,0.0001662931,0.9906622,0.007677498],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001393094,0.0002599928,0.01481917,0.00396269,0.001250309,0.0009874697,0.0009244947,0.0008073281,0.0007413909,0.00299355,0.9715678,0.0002926492],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005879073,0.005232275,0.0005345253,0.2360918,0.753345,0.0001086648,0.00262026,0.0003220428,0.001157539],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.007455723,0.008478417,0.001558606,0.5226021,0.4357169,0.0003965539,0.001606909,0.0002881089,0.02189659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9815296,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1338313,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02372095568693714,"score_gpt":0.3348276282869784,"score_spread":0.3111066726000412,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}