{"id":"W4417491674","doi":"10.1098/rsbm.2025.0013","title":"Nicholas Kaiser","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Edinburgh; University of Oxford; Royal Astronomical Society; California Institute of Technology","keywords":"Galaxy; Dark matter; Measure (data warehouse); Gravitation; Dark energy; Cluster analysis; Cosmology; Weak gravitational lensing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002731636,0.0001642643,0.0002714385,0.00005414107,0.0001939424,0.00001521635,0.0005455969,0.00009596942,0.0001431266],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001579136,0.0001207749,0.001003714,0.0007956297,0.0004730686,0.00007476641,0.0001991688,0.0002151214,0.00000405838],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002198651,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006861229,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003339953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003778134,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987971,0.00005488084,0.0004450641,0.0001884723,0.0002758465,0.0002385965],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989755,0.00007966322,0.0002385418,0.0004825164,0.0001668946,0.00005689986],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001088413,0.0001693926,0.9749564,0.00004163575,0.0002591686,4.880301e-10,0.0002018413,0.00008339115,0.0003540071,0.01266101,0.01118341,0.00007884384],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004474898,0.00001881624,0.9849219,0.00004811424,0.00008435188,2.063034e-8,0.0003738365,0.001216915,0.002710298,0.008783978,0.001280864,0.0001134224],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9937929,0.0001429786,0.0003432666,0.0006075061,0.0002693435,0.000226932,0.00003691868,0.00002375947,0.004556401],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981571,0.000007191852,0.0006896731,0.0000145884,0.00007049646,0.00001319824,0.000008923759,0.000009546264,0.001029322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009965478,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4925058,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004839428004102289,"score_gpt":0.2107521883133371,"score_spread":0.2059127603092349,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}