{"id":"W4417509101","doi":"10.1109/icsit65336.2025.11294664","title":"Automated Train Control Using Machine Vision for Red Flag Detection in Railway Safety","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Flag (linear algebra); Scope (computer science); Hazard; Control (management); Work (physics); System safety; Machine vision; Damages","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00177578,0.0005577207,0.0009054673,0.0007454836,0.0003121864,0.0001119671,0.000220922,0.0006199514,0.00009324491],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001602083,0.0005855509,0.0003356781,0.001196999,0.00004488925,0.0003178535,0.00003420429,0.0004227315,0.00001626137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001009504,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001479184,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009206448,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001844676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963663,0.0002798701,0.001565791,0.0006170931,0.0002269291,0.0009440446],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986596,0.0004686147,0.0001498865,0.0004410474,0.0001413651,0.0001394932],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003108007,0.0001912378,0.0004738558,0.001725723,0.0003792205,0.00001470795,0.0004057015,0.2694043,0.6156301,0.0004186966,0.0003414743,0.107907],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01168608,0.000193389,0.003793051,0.0007726742,0.0001212308,0.000006642264,0.0001092113,0.9550075,0.02282066,0.00008091567,0.004880274,0.0005283668],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07871619,0.001452983,0.9038444,0.001083172,0.004937404,0.004540112,0.000159459,0.001765961,0.003500387],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972152,0.00003432147,0.001300296,0.0001235152,0.0002225223,0.00006794593,0.0000376465,0.000087452,0.0009110914],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.918499,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996596,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006980377613251591,"score_gpt":0.2576319377620392,"score_spread":0.2506515601487876,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}