{"id":"W4417509502","doi":"10.1109/aibthings66987.2025.11296162","title":"Multi-Domain Deep Reinforcement Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems Security on the WDT Testbed Dataset","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Reinforcement learning; Testbed; Intrusion detection system; Software deployment; Convergence (economics); Limiting; Deep learning; Security policy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002006905,0.002344229,0.0008760819,0.00115386,0.0007670764,0.0008120373,0.002694578,0.001794669,0.003023955],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004528219,0.0004042302,0.001055978,0.001086515,0.0009804836,0.001557807,0.001328833,0.002600291,0.00153073],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002359249,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001898845,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03607093,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06314964,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989586,0.0003142842,0.00004898714,0.0002848124,0.0002448782,0.0001485426],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986446,0.0004615395,0.0001164624,0.0003699066,0.000269441,0.0001380501],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009050243,0.001775898,0.01838324,0.000809109,0.000487746,0.0006753911,0.0001267221,0.4889367,0.003365095,0.004076299,0.368969,0.1114898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003530785,0.0003021562,0.01031137,0.0000841382,0.00005061894,0.0002021013,0.0001695914,0.9461574,0.00530997,0.005184089,0.03181465,0.00006080335],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6686439,0.00725296,0.0816471,0.007764574,0.002070712,0.001068702,0.1773973,0.03378894,0.0203658],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6351762,0.0006519611,0.05824232,0.0007364511,0.0001147783,0.0004281141,0.2959419,0.0004705668,0.008237643],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03607093,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07172197,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01370617315507274,"score_gpt":0.257932351527411,"score_spread":0.2442261783723383,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}