{"id":"W6908272995","doi":"10.25909/28891115","title":"NO AMENDMENT? NO PROBLEM: JUDGES, “INFORMAL AMENDMENT,” AND THE EVOLUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MEANING IN THE FEDERAL DEMOCRACIES OF AUSTRALIA, CANADA, INDIA, AND THE UNITED STATES","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The University of Adelaide","topic":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Constitution; Democracy; Meaning (existential); Original meaning; Politics; Ideal (ethics)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000806141,0.00006430435,0.0001480898,0.00004645992,0.001159043,0.00001321326,0.0002445258,0.00002636575,0.00001805706],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009068807,0.00003508429,0.00003156693,0.0002604219,0.007829469,0.0001012473,0.0001129264,0.0001173064,5.167884e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001136734,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004664918,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8302675,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5012294,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999141,0.000229876,0.0001503981,0.00006849167,0.0002781899,0.0001319886],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991049,0.0005284841,0.0001424055,0.00006218734,0.0001469182,0.00001511868],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003116226,0.0000132106,0.01250514,0.00001370582,0.00008531949,9.211457e-7,0.01449303,0.0002826308,0.000009460737,0.9711334,0.001118023,0.00003359897],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009643281,0.0001406869,0.09951262,0.0004566625,0.0005177318,0.000007326,0.6468877,0.0006292282,0.00006881955,0.1737255,0.06806724,0.0003432122],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9107106,0.0004552786,0.0001370207,0.01324583,0.00008157563,0.0005832582,0.00007063861,0.000006059402,0.07470971],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987781,0.0003876003,0.00003108882,0.0001628238,0.00001109125,8.389819e-7,0.000004997306,5.130371e-7,0.0006229538],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7974078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9948707,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01201731565133351,"score_gpt":0.220891950437043,"score_spread":0.2088746347857095,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}