{"id":"W6982644788","doi":"","title":"An Investigation on Wage Penalties: The Effect of Foreign-Born Status on Employee Wages, Salaries, and Incomes in the United States and Canada","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scholarship @ Claremont (The Claremont Colleges)","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Microdata (statistics); Salary; Wage; Immigration; Efficiency wage; Public use; Regression analysis","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00604945,0.0002969198,0.0003308963,0.0002778792,0.002111762,0.0004189036,0.0006763998,0.0001930662,0.00001637425],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001558173,0.0001644821,0.00005702172,0.001442057,0.0006833803,0.0004814491,0.00009115948,0.001062078,0.000005144037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003000128,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005005226,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8795983,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9738246,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9933408,0.004233446,0.000401132,0.0003904616,0.0009825266,0.0006516629],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9930412,0.00573735,0.0002390052,0.0006369542,0.0001224274,0.0002231157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005181763,0.00005376438,0.8771412,0.00008973244,0.00009350753,0.00003696241,0.09929016,0.001577598,0.0001638527,0.01115083,0.005005463,0.0048788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009042384,0.0007906191,0.9086471,0.0001644816,0.00008470381,0.000003771274,0.06127946,0.0007543541,0.0001085911,0.002725432,0.02424138,0.0002959162],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9834464,0.000141119,9.200324e-7,0.01419286,0.0001488167,0.001221345,0.0001803378,0.00006497394,0.0006032595],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956094,0.001088575,0.00001141849,0.002754807,0.0001061743,0.00007808777,0.0001417559,0.00003006894,0.0001797287],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09422634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991874,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03992644244016683,"score_gpt":0.3222815524667877,"score_spread":0.2823551100266208,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}