{"id":"W7025060520","doi":"","title":"Tax Expenditures--Shedding Light on Government Spending through the Tax System : Lessons from Developed and Transition Economies","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)","topic":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Tax reform; Value-added tax; Indirect tax; Tax revenue; Developing country; Ad valorem tax; Transparency (behavior); Tax avoidance; Direct tax; State income tax","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000297947,0.000966887,0.0009705992,0.000186762,0.0006771307,0.0009511664,0.0015328,0.0003062926,0.0005996946],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001337053,0.0006362642,0.0002167346,0.00027611,0.0001406359,0.0002410933,0.0003737961,0.001089776,0.000182749],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008004382,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004054117,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009176243,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004073319,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972132,0.0002285103,0.0007168407,0.000811139,0.0003947804,0.000635554],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997806,0.0004918303,0.0002787697,0.001269466,0.00001904689,0.0001349285],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006362677,0.00006493234,0.000007367833,0.00068317,0.001437054,0.00005847934,0.001547571,0.01147117,0.001091219,0.03948951,0.9399447,0.004141205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005549976,0.00002706648,0.0003044938,0.002575045,0.0002887844,0.00004800089,0.0004219809,0.004884383,0.003128975,0.0003026192,0.986397,0.00106669],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004417696,0.007695718,0.001544434,0.0008769859,0.004311359,0.001749684,0.0001429463,0.0008592939,0.9823778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4557308,0.0001825481,0.0006103873,0.0000531609,0.00194766,0.0004025029,0.00003187494,0.0006015096,0.5404395],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.455289,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996089,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01276942157869717,"score_gpt":0.2368007762586975,"score_spread":0.2240313546800003,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}