{"id":"W7025060520","doi":"","title":"Tax Expenditures--Shedding Light on Government Spending through the Tax System : Lessons from Developed and Transition Economies","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)","topic":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Tax reform; Value-added tax; Indirect tax; Tax revenue; Developing country; Ad valorem tax; Transparency (behavior); Tax avoidance; Direct tax; State income tax","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000825663,0.000300758,0.0002879317,0.001930384,0.001421774,0.003636443,0.0005588274,0.0006703722,0.003432581],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002289309,0.0001478213,0.0002728265,0.004740156,0.00214483,0.004582143,0.001567357,0.00200232,0.0002374324],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004391892,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003401151,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.08159845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.110907,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996641,0.0001020095,0.00001604885,0.00003099958,0.000049602,0.0001373056],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988478,0.000464231,0.0002215199,0.00006529154,0.0002596829,0.0001414071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002211209,0.0002705328,0.124819,0.000814948,0.00008865647,0.0008675043,0.03209075,0.00349821,0.0002001169,0.5376427,0.05371705,0.2457694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002986324,0.0001417034,0.3345733,0.003477881,0.00008755665,0.0004463084,0.08840343,0.001393043,0.0008139821,0.1567289,0.4138283,0.00007563932],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6609296,0.06224401,0.001527229,0.1150872,0.0004355228,0.00005080291,0.003073736,0.00003669415,0.1566153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9413207,0.04905833,0.0004492393,0.002429126,0.0002175428,0.00001709185,0.0006871224,0.00001831692,0.005802427],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08159845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.162247,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01276942157869717,"score_gpt":0.2368007762586975,"score_spread":0.2240313546800003,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}