{"id":"W7038435117","doi":"","title":"Hydraulic Fracturing Litigation: The Case of Jessica Ernst &amp; the Problem of Factual Causation","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canada-United States law journal","topic":"Linguistic research and analysis","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Hydraulic fracturing; Causation; Plaintiff; Lawsuit; Liability; Directional drilling; Trespass; Presumption; Fossil fuel","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004940525,0.000103771,0.0001512978,0.00008858963,0.001495704,0.0002003567,0.0002414363,0.00001975395,0.001301968],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001323183,0.0000535933,0.00006688511,0.0001209455,0.0007781443,0.0001029952,0.0000337645,0.0003012528,0.000002599576],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007003675,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003021561,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6599032,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9441502,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987169,0.0001703189,0.0004109763,0.00008618958,0.0003789883,0.0002366335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979492,0.0003684912,0.0003361481,0.0001924028,0.001040749,0.0001129715],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001737564,0.0001821723,0.0004836925,0.0002905772,0.001956354,0.0008750616,0.3408537,0.002093642,0.0002693854,0.5221825,0.1131242,0.01751499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000319423,0.0001248492,0.00006143079,0.0001035747,0.0001290314,0.0002772831,0.03769865,0.001937583,0.001498899,0.01694948,0.9407425,0.0001573221],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9768,0.0001838933,0.0003087392,0.004101301,0.0002046309,0.00016377,0.0002338905,0.000009282664,0.01799445],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978784,0.00003190362,0.0000539937,0.0004311734,0.0009127552,0.000002909594,0.00005225225,0.000009874935,0.0006266881],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8276182,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03206870614837218,"score_gpt":0.2631181592174826,"score_spread":0.2310494530691104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}