{"id":"W7066938470","doi":"","title":"Leaking money. The finance costs of privatised water and regulation in England and Wales: Scottish public ownership shows potential savings","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","topic":"Diverse Scientific and Economic Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Shareholder; Revenue; Debt; Sewerage; Dividend; Creditor; Capital expenditure; Quarter (Canadian coin); Welsh","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007804183,0.0001703255,0.0004371988,0.0005244911,0.0002449915,0.00005102739,0.0003914107,0.0001769528,0.00008076524],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007796063,0.0001585022,0.00007651128,0.0003570059,0.0006228406,0.0006092935,0.0004389187,0.0004233257,0.00001120349],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005134787,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002160484,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005127725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003547473,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986857,0.00005968933,0.0003802307,0.000505649,0.0000601013,0.0003086946],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992102,0.0001257749,0.0003066645,0.0002548137,0.00005248992,0.00005000412],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005097581,0.0001153067,0.4724015,0.0005261785,0.0004430979,0.00002491466,0.07349474,0.0001027023,0.001886067,0.416706,0.009312459,0.02447722],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006572715,0.0001722032,0.7591828,0.001264067,0.0001031757,0.00002377079,0.008025805,0.01249228,0.0001856618,0.09852399,0.1126041,0.0008494919],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9832206,0.004100088,0.002023611,0.002463421,0.0002149043,0.0003834794,0.0004831041,0.00001655821,0.007094245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992059,0.001069321,0.0005281334,0.0001182622,0.00002928479,0.000001010157,0.00005027758,0.000007579604,0.006137145],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3181821,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6463531,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01526466069599691,"score_gpt":0.179428500058055,"score_spread":0.1641638393620581,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}