{"id":"W7083440769","doi":"10.1177/155862351400900205","title":"The Causal Effect of Professional Sports on Amateur Sport Participation - An Instrumental Variable Approach","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Sport Finance","topic":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"PricewaterhouseCoopers (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Amateur; Test (biology); Instrumental variable; Variables; Relevance (law); German; Variable (mathematics); Causal model","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00402667,0.0001670717,0.0003204662,0.00009681523,0.0001500302,0.00009667923,0.0009503512,0.00006136153,0.0001380584],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001507013,0.0001045582,0.00006995189,0.0001124429,0.0001904487,0.0005127099,0.00008918526,0.0002114825,0.00001454638],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006968711,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001186569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003798417,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001565632,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972011,0.00006978224,0.0008309828,0.0002377048,0.001417234,0.0002432003],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997914,0.00007663065,0.001373535,0.0002508257,0.0003131674,0.00007184927],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004845276,0.001177781,0.6409047,0.00009385199,0.00005284389,0.0001082052,0.0006419844,0.0839105,0.1801959,0.07400673,0.0006159321,0.01344624],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001716028,0.001940242,0.7940171,0.0004680126,0.00004188013,0.0003682777,0.00004921002,0.0151011,0.1726106,0.001468232,0.01186039,0.0003589118],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941371,0.00001210365,0.0006049378,0.0001220891,0.003939107,0.000134046,0.00000718475,0.00001513657,0.00102828],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953731,0.00001220388,0.003857625,0.00007143198,0.0004248777,0.00001114055,0.00001178202,0.00001407228,0.0002237845],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1531124,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4263761,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005691587062595209,"score_gpt":0.2830660972648026,"score_spread":0.2773745102022074,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}