{"id":"W7091425839","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-38.1.87","title":"On the Carnot efficiency and the 2nd law of thermodynamics","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics Essays","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Carnot cycle; Second law of thermodynamics; Work (physics); Laws of thermodynamics; Heat engine; Thermodynamic cycle; First law of thermodynamics; First law","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002280983,0.001156625,0.001267853,0.004020222,0.001049014,0.002192779,0.001223089,0.002026747,0.004147874],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004537932,0.000502244,0.0007987916,0.00479857,0.007431749,0.005587521,0.001340544,0.003901983,0.001897338],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002633568,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001885886,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002177412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001317464,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983563,0.0004531348,0.00008494718,0.0002990957,0.000701152,0.0001053687],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968511,0.002440408,0.0001636878,0.0001198177,0.0003736593,0.00005134178],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002162995,0.00002312667,0.0002546943,0.002752366,0.00004228183,0.0001996339,0.0004123429,0.002012722,0.0004963572,0.8321759,0.0442454,0.1173636],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002250661,0.00003779794,0.0007745636,0.001321033,0.00002237902,0.0004056057,0.0001490441,0.0007888729,0.0004030312,0.3897308,0.6063163,0.00004843295],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001033443,0.9519762,0.009014465,0.005005883,0.003588407,0.00001192913,0.00005621787,0.00003510082,0.02927833],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03623567,0.9399793,0.002810377,0.002867756,0.008573831,0.00004720777,0.00009358877,0.00007934092,0.009313007],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.004147874,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.019108,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004918247570442648,"score_gpt":0.2320250536279801,"score_spread":0.2271068060575374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}