{"id":"W7096429472","doi":"","title":"NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DECENTRALISATION IN AFRICA AND THE NATURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS &amp;apos; COMPETITION: EVIDENCE FROM BENIN","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Decentralization; General partnership; Developing country; Work (physics); Subject (documents); Devolution (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005549094,0.00007453642,0.0001216578,0.00001083606,0.0001422983,0.0000449304,0.0001080593,0.0001162421,0.0005035295],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001632112,0.00005215933,0.0000274516,0.0002080761,0.0003480627,0.0008698831,0.00004158296,0.0001072341,0.000007845335],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001455402,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002612606,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002142303,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008166867,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986831,0.0002010162,0.0001925728,0.0001183571,0.0005688908,0.0002360592],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994344,0.0002903698,0.0001001982,0.00009913303,0.00002587649,0.00004998265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002789189,0.00008014088,0.4612139,0.000008718457,0.00001635583,4.144816e-7,0.03462012,0.00004302608,0.0002123473,0.4989068,0.001347997,0.003271319],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001900337,0.00002468365,0.6469064,0.0005011485,0.00005952334,8.413603e-7,0.02593217,0.00008962131,0.001369638,0.01093222,0.311946,0.0003373927],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9454707,0.00749564,0.007869236,0.007531161,0.000644537,0.0005474089,0.00001252924,0.00003613889,0.03039266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965923,0.002093166,0.0003945718,0.0003039085,0.0001139983,0.000008154733,0.000005973303,0.000003965891,0.0004839828],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4879746,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5513295,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06676503507171376,"score_gpt":0.3106384884330102,"score_spread":0.2438734533612965,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}