{"id":"W7106712149","doi":"10.1155/hbe2/9942295","title":"A Systematic Review on Mental Health Chatbots: Trends, Design Principles, Evaluation Methods, and Future Research Agenda","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies","topic":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Zayed University","keywords":"Mental health; Cognition; Adaptation (eye); Cognitive reframing; Systematic review; Modality (human–computer interaction); Cognitive therapy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.06573578,0.002127692,0.01088308,0.02065138,0.001417125,0.006773478,0.003296274,0.002599245,0.005773066],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1939047,0.00181633,0.01016784,0.02139783,0.001846916,0.006540931,0.003091768,0.002450573,0.0006067646],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01094927,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04297701,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01248398,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04286845,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9323476,0.03199272,0.02300601,0.002476668,0.009150988,0.001025995],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8095673,0.1460498,0.01909896,0.002595742,0.02157631,0.001111996],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001665728,0.00002742891,0.0004481187,0.9348446,0.003836987,0.00006050585,0.0004167068,0.00008026877,0.0001116627,0.000582848,0.001443396,0.05798107],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009606945,0.0001327383,0.0009949647,0.9705971,0.01496758,0.00009024751,0.0003348499,0.00005713866,0.00008817459,0.0003395027,0.01228062,0.00002105065],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0007586745,0.9950393,0.0006668865,0.0008544067,0.0002399047,0.001608411,0.0004041452,0.00001670656,0.0004114756],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.009256128,0.98067,0.003456888,0.00135652,0.000130251,0.004576334,0.0003747685,0.00001560808,0.0001635423],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06573578,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3476482,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3222057559397065,"score_gpt":0.5803635412715978,"score_spread":0.2581577853318914,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}