{"id":"W7109504973","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98624","title":"Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Neuromodulation Across Neurological Disorders Toward Personalized Brain Stimulation: A Narrative Review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cureus","topic":"Neurological disorders and treatments","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"St. Thomas Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Neuromodulation; Deep brain stimulation; Transcranial direct-current stimulation; Narrative review; Brain stimulation; Flexibility (engineering); Dystonia; Neuroimaging","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001874484,0.000992406,0.001432761,0.002048736,0.0003139482,0.002071947,0.001074296,0.001563544,0.004173024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00495016,0.0003033272,0.001310703,0.001581596,0.0005501091,0.001969788,0.001020331,0.001442373,0.001098612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006919638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002520037,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009215316,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001622571,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992556,0.0002011056,0.0002157527,0.0001053437,0.0001814675,0.00004077471],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966232,0.002641616,0.0003172343,0.00005411842,0.0003120255,0.00005187095],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001218014,0.00005438108,0.0002380111,0.1472907,0.000404732,0.0003622126,0.0003162501,0.0008188671,0.0009915897,0.01282427,0.02258828,0.8139889],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004432615,0.000262105,0.0006850617,0.09266358,0.001014937,0.001680213,0.0002491149,0.0004253138,0.0006711714,0.00700629,0.89525,0.00004800581],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001714152,0.9967962,0.0006634124,0.0008771119,0.0002734397,0.00003544576,0.00004197739,0.00001096833,0.001130044],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001649838,0.9958783,0.0008586968,0.0008537708,0.0002746854,0.00006458831,0.00005063739,0.000005363112,0.000364019],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004173024,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01396012,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04590973415058983,"score_gpt":0.3781209293431944,"score_spread":0.3322111951926046,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}