{"id":"W7110874286","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2025.100231","title":"Carbon nanofertilizers in agriculture: A critical review of soil ecosystem impacts and phytotoxicity","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plant Nano Biology","topic":"Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; Dalhousie University; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Soil organic matter; Soil carbon; Soil biology; Soil fertility; Soil biodiversity; Soil health; Population; Soil quality; Leaching (pedology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003369485,0.00009490442,0.0003327163,0.0000633146,0.00002404142,0.000006295968,0.0001074931,0.0000937268,0.00003030882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000309796,0.0000662596,0.00003045082,0.0001941587,0.00008529973,0.00001841761,0.00005505433,0.00005620295,0.000003605264],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002829182,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005752176,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002900719,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000739445,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990903,0.0001270897,0.0003130809,0.0002309553,0.00004569539,0.0001929163],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994414,0.0002648398,0.00006063006,0.0001521691,0.00003638669,0.0000446097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002043068,0.0000426445,0.0008494891,0.001844454,0.000003551234,0.000002291837,0.00002073855,1.509492e-7,0.9817077,0.0150376,0.0003796613,0.00009128363],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005478156,0.0001364042,0.01101499,0.007919204,0.00007238579,0.00009003448,0.00004889615,0.0003669631,0.9724576,0.0008164086,0.006225114,0.0003042216],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9641396,0.0322531,0.00001228816,0.0008932335,0.00018824,0.0002851711,0.0002148657,0.00002542717,0.001988079],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9918048,0.00766529,0.00003899772,0.0004029944,0.00001255508,0.00004796053,0.00001515269,0.000001993065,0.00001023214],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02766523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2701988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01357295809599552,"score_gpt":0.2774836663743434,"score_spread":0.2639107082783479,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}