{"id":"W7110931970","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5893690","title":"Virtual Sensors: A Comprehensive Review on Robotic Applications","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Robotics; Field (mathematics); Virtual reality; Robot; Control (management); Virtual machine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001259401,0.001159204,0.001571003,0.0006219759,0.0007070461,0.0002300969,0.0009221555,0.0006751618,0.0001178459],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001278243,0.001222882,0.0008760674,0.0009052278,0.0001099899,0.0001207582,0.0002201117,0.01125281,0.0003910188],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004722493,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004811462,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003580005,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004931764,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9918187,0.000500591,0.001852877,0.0009795743,0.0008609477,0.003987259],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967604,0.000362302,0.0007009865,0.001057386,0.0007839312,0.0003349539],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003482245,0.0001622729,0.00000518907,0.002142162,0.001056833,0.000007708101,0.00005146832,0.8285191,0.00004681364,0.1303403,0.0006490789,0.03698427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0035146,0.002093431,0.00007233788,0.04544821,0.004752846,0.001457385,0.001872622,0.6856717,0.0001920431,0.1270259,0.1231634,0.004735422],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00031828,0.1721776,0.8192179,0.002170062,0.001402641,0.002379566,0.00004380896,0.000191408,0.002098735],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.07178068,0.92106,0.0005483206,0.00115251,0.001233462,0.0001705393,0.0002313708,0.0001668158,0.003656251],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8186696,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990982,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01306142391306122,"score_gpt":0.2582454430525874,"score_spread":0.2451840191395262,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}