{"id":"W7110931970","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5893690","title":"Virtual Sensors: A Comprehensive Review on Robotic Applications","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Robotics; Field (mathematics); Virtual reality; Robot; Control (management); Virtual machine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001668555,0.001853271,0.002496731,0.004232646,0.0003273389,0.002601001,0.001928042,0.002125704,0.004700375],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004572762,0.0009101128,0.001113612,0.006672451,0.001106031,0.004996341,0.001797791,0.001857305,0.002316687],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006684207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001359987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008358872,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009265804,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987597,0.000218599,0.0001444172,0.0002658732,0.0005410996,0.00007027419],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958662,0.002880565,0.0002151071,0.0002059906,0.0007251225,0.0001070535],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001266442,0.00006779228,0.0002962347,0.01486489,0.000141271,0.00007541262,0.00004717739,0.002749969,0.002495189,0.009659971,0.02193596,0.9475395],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000315596,0.000366523,0.001620016,0.007238327,0.0004070994,0.001171032,0.0001670247,0.005300351,0.003632088,0.01967196,0.9602587,0.0001353372],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003366936,0.9867394,0.0101547,0.0003048445,0.0006685203,0.00001472317,0.00007840531,0.00005752153,0.001645154],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004867041,0.984408,0.007585522,0.0004858956,0.0009531413,0.00003444259,0.0001925732,0.00003871609,0.001434738],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004700375,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0157243,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01306142391306122,"score_gpt":0.2582454430525874,"score_spread":0.2451840191395262,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}