{"id":"W7113200082","doi":"","title":"Hallucinations in Large Foundation Models: Characterization, Quantification, Detection, Avoidance, and Mitigation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","topic":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Deception; Generative grammar; Foundation (evidence); Unintended consequences; Scope (computer science); Argument (complex analysis); Perception; Salient","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004129061,0.000880628,0.0006203561,0.001237654,0.001170091,0.002907255,0.001890669,0.001391571,0.002013994],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04376137,0.0006294664,0.000928594,0.000774472,0.0046341,0.006038967,0.005601485,0.001900882,0.0002367386],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001528461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007573709,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004557998,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005166135,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971674,0.001266607,0.0001712581,0.000277824,0.0008092232,0.0003076035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.969732,0.01773109,0.004661343,0.005221522,0.001906429,0.0007475413],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001043315,0.0002862923,0.06839977,0.0007012569,0.0003032635,0.003237688,0.02175013,0.3626296,0.01037123,0.3285947,0.006056176,0.1966266],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005562972,0.0002460806,0.006139747,0.0001612697,0.00008604769,0.0007720333,0.003419432,0.7744098,0.004135646,0.2051624,0.005299278,0.0001125479],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.4836254,0.0007246711,0.5020098,0.002020767,0.00005705803,0.0001761767,0.000233846,0.0012258,0.009926337],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.964745,0.0001638934,0.03390037,0.00008256308,0.0000187455,0.0000513995,0.0001349522,0.00007949507,0.0008236371],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004557998,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02183688,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01595243243373195,"score_gpt":0.2250382083375209,"score_spread":0.2090857759037889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}