{"id":"W7113899861","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70045","title":"Orthophosphate and Residence Time Impacts in Chloraminated Model Distribution Systems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AWWA Water Science","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Waterloo","keywords":"Chloramine; Nitrification; Biofilm; Residence; Residence time (fluid dynamics); Residence time distribution; Nitrite","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005145234,0.0001113431,0.0001039231,0.00007125327,0.0002076459,0.0001643178,0.0001723736,0.00004011291,0.00002458784],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002211873,0.00007572903,0.00001347085,0.0005924135,0.0003704175,0.0009113869,0.0002305492,0.00005336557,0.0002031061],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002393754,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002177558,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001151859,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004533919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988258,0.00002254272,0.0001608563,0.0003930537,0.0002269054,0.0003708444],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996818,0.00001131244,0.00002538683,0.0001893503,0.00001244378,0.00007970395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007348473,0.0001838098,0.5751233,0.00003591979,0.000006252362,0.00003431358,0.001745174,0.03443246,0.3842893,0.0006801072,0.0006642079,0.002731674],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006416641,0.0000818605,0.4757633,0.0001137495,0.00001841053,0.00001067697,0.00005534716,0.3335779,0.1867454,0.002573701,0.0001246328,0.000293344],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969301,0.00004847028,0.0006337358,0.0002341566,0.0000961164,0.0002037799,0.000003800081,0.0000407948,0.001809052],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980046,0.00001635609,0.00005236542,0.00003390546,0.000003273617,0.00001491551,0.00001212622,0.000002850762,0.00185964],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2991455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.308814,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003508268916803929,"score_gpt":0.2083967480642183,"score_spread":0.2048884791474144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}