{"id":"W7113899861","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70045","title":"Orthophosphate and Residence Time Impacts in Chloraminated Model Distribution Systems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AWWA Water Science","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Waterloo","keywords":"Chloramine; Nitrification; Biofilm; Residence; Residence time (fluid dynamics); Residence time distribution; Nitrite","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003050099,0.0002707808,0.0003874165,0.000191681,0.0003113134,0.0005908824,0.0004173942,0.0003296995,0.0005526749],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003966533,0.0001310618,0.0003404983,0.0002139473,0.0002412296,0.0002962343,0.0003836751,0.0004221172,0.0001174344],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00119001,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005519539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02067772,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01806664,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997005,0.00005720176,0.00002033206,0.00009470823,0.00007789209,0.00004927048],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996259,0.00008109371,0.00009576923,0.00002075252,0.0001454874,0.00003085476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001437502,0.0004363015,0.0141191,0.0002950784,0.00005859317,0.0001282368,0.0002235255,0.008888246,0.9679086,0.00008181867,0.0001239077,0.006299159],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005958263,0.006052782,0.03275442,0.00002254266,0.0001025608,0.00009186873,0.0007697197,0.03665782,0.9220739,0.0001020565,0.001268938,0.00004379183],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9991898,0.00007594319,0.0003968746,0.00001103193,0.000002664122,0.00001400137,0.0001484395,0.000007407985,0.0001539078],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983087,0.0001503408,0.0009322783,0.00001165919,0.00000124255,0.00002594338,0.0001518124,0.000004719929,0.0004134456],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02067772,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04111469,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003508268916803929,"score_gpt":0.2083967480642183,"score_spread":0.2048884791474144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}