{"id":"W7114909155","doi":"10.13140/rg.2.2.15149.76003","title":"‘Big Sam’: A new large skull of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai from the Campanian (73 Ma) Wapiti Formation of Alberta, Canada, with implications for intraspecies variation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Skull; Variation (astronomy); Morphology (biology); Biological evolution","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002382283,0.0008579056,0.000646454,0.002085711,0.003266376,0.00137022,0.001486252,0.001050542,0.007945688],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004537232,0.0006709303,0.0004032445,0.002823571,0.003487522,0.0005566626,0.001756801,0.001013254,0.0009420086],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001529883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001584405,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1827679,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6090492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996889,0.0000150817,0.00001336229,0.0001139316,0.000102468,0.0000663507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996896,0.00005470944,0.00008691766,0.00004125819,0.00005787585,0.00006973401],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002559643,0.0002777348,0.2841148,0.001190593,0.00110252,0.05684663,0.05267239,0.0009100387,0.2973854,0.00567991,0.007848579,0.2894118],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001722218,0.000157892,0.9488176,0.00009783592,0.0001146843,0.02147025,0.007360975,0.0002500695,0.001794797,0.0004580729,0.01939421,0.00006659568],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9915745,0.0005936438,0.0008792887,0.000243175,0.00009466379,0.00003495219,0.0006414262,0.00007676445,0.005861536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947648,0.0003500313,0.001609068,0.0001634154,0.00004089169,0.0000152718,0.0005184261,0.00006521524,0.002472808],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8172321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3634082,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009576853247905618,"score_gpt":0.1970526876367832,"score_spread":0.1874758343888776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}